Kazakhstan’s focus on improving investor dispute resolution and prevention mechanisms has been an essential element of this success. A great deal has been done in recent years. Many countries around the world, especially those that have passed through similar transitions from other non-capitalist economic systems in their recent history, can draw useful lessons from Kazakhstan’s experience.

Recent street violence has dealt another blow to its image. Longtime allies in the EU are dismayed and the USA is considering sanctions against those promoting violence against perceived foes

Ukraine invested almost $10 billion in renewable energy, with $6.2 billion being invested in 2018-2019, making it one of the top five sectors for investment in its economy.

In this personal story, Aybaniz Ismayilova describes her hometown of Minjivan in the Zangelan region of Azerbaijan – a town now cheering its de-occupation, yet a deeply wounded one destroyed during 27 years of occupation.

SOCAR said that its marine platforms and industrial facilities continued their activities undisturbed.

The loan programme includes a $177 million loan from the IBRD, a $34 million loan from the Clean Technology Fund and a $1 million CTF grant to make the Ukrainian system more resilient.

Ukraine’s renewables sector is in chaos, marred by unrealistic promises, setbacks caused by the COVID pandemic - and spiralling debt that has left Kyiv on the hook to foreign green energy producers at a tab of close to $1 billion.

Realising that fossil fuels would not last forever, Kazakhstan took steps to diversify its economy. This included a new focus on its tourism industry. Though under-developed, officials knew it was an area that had much to offer.