Kazakhstan relies on its rainy-day fund to fill the budget gaps, although plans to reduce the transfer from the fund to the state budget to 2.4 trillion tenge in 2024.

Svevind plans to install wind and solar farms with a total capacity of 30-45 gigawatts (GW) in mainly steppe areas in western and central Kazakhstan.

According to UNCTAD, the FDI flows to the transition economies of South-East Europe and ex-Soviet republics declined by 58 percent to $24 billion in 2020.