Kazakhstan's 'BBB' IDRs reflect strong fiscal and external balance sheets that have been resilient to the coronavirus and oil price shocks, and financing flexibility underpinned by accumulated oil revenue savings,

In 2020, the volume of traffic amounted to 200,000 TEU. The port processed and transport 102,000 TEU which is about 80-90,000 containers, in the first half of this year.

On June 10th 2021, Kazakhstan’s President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed a decree to improve the country’s human rights record. He emphasised the rights of citizens with disabilities and victims of human trafficking as priority areas, in addition to ensuring the right to freedom of association, expression, and ‘public order’. The decree comes on the heels of two years of heightened dissent and protests in Kazakhstan, so what are the prospects for reform in the realm of civil liberties?

The share of e-commerce in retail trade exceeded 1.1 trillion tenge ($2.5 billion) in the Central Asian country of 19 million people and reached 9.7 percent of the total retail turnover or 11.6 trillion tenge in 2020.